Well, there are quite a few things you can do to communicate with people around the corner, or people around the world.  There are many ways you can do it.  The most popular voice, CW (Morse code) and Data.  The band plan is pretty clear on where you should go.  It is also very clear on where you must do your operations.  Some bands are CW only, while others are restricted to 100 watts of power.  The modes you use can really be fun, and addictive. 

 

Voice:  This can be done on a variety of channels, some are SSB, some are FM only, and others are AM only.  Though make sure you turn your VOX off, so you don't get tagged with a violation.

 

CW:  This mode is where most of the older hams and CW enthusiasts love to get down and dirty.  All they would need is a paddle, a pen, a paper, and a log book.  There are some parts of the band that are CW only, but that is okay with them.

 

Data:  There are a lot of modes of data that can be used.  Radio Teletype (RTTY) Fast Shft Keying (FSK) etc.  The radio and modems are very technical.  However, you'll need a lot of patiene since there are strict limits on what you can do through data.

 

There are newer modes that I haven't mentioned, but they are worth checking out.  VoiP and satellite is becoming popular...so don't be afraid to experiment, you may find something you love to do on the bands.